39512827-9d41-4746-8a0e-b5f5a6be1a9fC10-13 Linear alkylbenzene sulphonic acid (HLAS) (petro based) (No 2 - Matrix)Sulphonation of C10-C13 LAB (linear alkylbenzene)Production mix, at plant100% active ingredient; liquid;Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonic Acid, Anionic surfactant; CAS number: 85536-14-7ProcessesIndustry dataERASMThe data set covers all relevant process steps / technologies over the supply chain of the represented cradle to gate inventory with a very good overall data quality. It represents an production average based on the year 2011. The inventory is mainly based on industry data and is completed, where necessary, by secondary data. This data set is based on primary data from European adopted production processes, connected with regional precursor chains. The data set is based on primary production data for HLAS production is from five different suppliers, either Spain, Germany, United Kingdom, France and Italy representing the imported and produced HLAS in Europe. Transportation was just considered for the main materials (covers about 90% of the mass of all inputs), other transportation was not considered.79Primary production data for HLAS production is from five different suppliers in Europe representing HLAS production in Europe (DE, ES, FR, GB, IT).Foreground system:HLAS is produced by sulphonation of LAB (linear alkylbenzene). The sulphonation of LAB is commonly accomplished with SO3 as sulphonation agent using two different types of reactors, cascade and falling film. In the sulphonation reaction, an SO3 (sulphonic) group is introduced in the 4-position (""para"") of the aromatic ring of the LAB molecule giving the corresponding sulphonic acid. The reaction is exothermic and it requires a careful control of the temperature to avoid undesired side reactions. Conversion to sulphonic acid is very high with minor quantities of unsulphonated matter (free-oil) in the reaction product.
The processes using SO3 (gas) comprise several steps, namely:
Sulphur treatment
Process air drying
Sulphur burning to SO2
Conversion of SO2 to SO3
Sulphonation
Digestion and hydrolysis
Exhaust gas cleaning
Sulphonation is carried out at a molar ratio of SO3/LAB slightly higher than stoichiometric to achieve full conversion of LAB (>99%).
In the cascade process the SO3 gas is mixed with liquid LAB in several reactors in series (cascade) in order to complete the reaction. The residence time (contact time) of the or-ganic matter is relatively high and therefore this process is not suitable to sulphate com-pounds such as alcohols and alcohol ethoxylates which require shorter reaction time to avoid undesirable side reactions.
In the film reactors, the organic matter is injected into the reactor tubes using different methods. All have in common the formation of a very thin liquid layer inside the tubes in order to facilitate the contact with SO3 and produce an almost instantaneous reaction keeping the residence time in the reactor very short. This process is very flexible and it allows LAB sulphonation, and numerous other sulphonation/sulphation reactions to prepare other surfactants like alkyl sulphates (AS), alcohol ethoxysulphates (AES), alpha olefin sulphonate (AOS), methyl ester sulphonate (MES), etc. [BERNA 1995]
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above).
Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources.This surfactant is an anionic surfactant.ERASM_Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB) and HLAS.JPGLCI resultAttributionalNoneAllocation - market valueAllocation - net calorific valueAllocation - exergetic contentAllocation - massNot applicableFOREGROUND system:
Price allocation was applied to the LAB foreground system. During the production process of LAB up to 10% by-products occur. These by-products are valuable sub-stances which are getting sold. As a system expansion was not feasible due to the specifics of the DETAL and HF process an allocation by price was applied. An allocation by economic value has been chosen due to the fact that the by-products are of less value than LAB. Further a sensitivity analysis show that the allocation meth-od affects the results of the LCI by maximum 5%.
Allocation was applied for some background data (please refer to the GaBi docu-mentation at: http://www.gabi-software.com/international/support/gabi/gabi-6-lci-documentation
Primary data for both production technologies (HF process and DETAL process) was collected so both technologies contribute to the average LAB production.
Mass- and impact-relevant catalysts and other chemicals were estimated by expert judgment, otherwise a cut-off was applied according to the given cut-off rules in chapter 2.3.1
Transportation was just considered for the main materials (covers about 90% of the mass of all inputs), other transportation was not considered.
The main input for the production of HLAS is LAB, which is produced by two differ-ent technology routes (HF process and DETAL process). Primary data were used to set up the models for LAB.All data used in the calculation of the LCI results refer to net calorific value.NoneGaBi Modelling PrinciplesCut-off rules for each unit process: Coverage of at least 95% of mass and energy of the input and output flows, and 98% of their environmental relevance (according to expert judgment). Excluded from the analysis are:
The construction of major capital equipment (infrastructure)
Maintenance and operation of sup-port equipment
Human labor and employee transport and
PackagingNoneSeveral data sources have been averaged. Average values are the ones used in the inventory. Whenever intermediates may constitute a reasonable sub-system boundary, a hybrid of vertical and horizontal averages were used. Data for the production of HLAS at the production sites in Spain, Germany and United Kingdom, France and Italy of the different companies, that are member of the ERASM associacion, was collected by data questionnaires. Data was subsequently verified in telephone conferences and meetings with specialist staff from the companies. The GaBi 6 software system was used for generating the model of the production and as the source of background LCA information. The average environmental burdens of the national power grid mix in the production countries are used in the model. In case of steam or energy supply at the production site, the data is based on the GaBi data base. Data sets for the sodium cocoamphoacetate production as main input material and auxiliary materials as e.g. water were also taken from the GaBi data base.No SOM method landuse included as the SOM method is not used elsewere in the GaBi database.Data was collected and treated to ensure the resulting inventory is representative for the average European HLAS. Namely, the data was collected from 3 producing companies and covers > 80% of the European HLAS production. Data collection period: one year production. The datset is representative for the state of technology in 2011. The datasets are considered to be valid until substantial technological changes in the production chain occur.NoneERASM Surfactant Life Cycle and Ecofootprinting (SLE) ProjectGaBi databases80.02012-2014NoneThe dataset covers cradle-to-gate system of C10-13 Linear alkylbenzene sulphonic acid production. Dataset includes primary data onC10-13 Linear alkylbenzene sulphonic acid production and the overall quality is very good. Dataset can be used as representative for average European production of the C10-13 Linear alkylbenzene sulphonic acid production. Dataset should be reviewed for potential technology changes in 10 years.All relevant flows quantifiedThe LCI method applied is in compliance with ISO 14040 and 14044. The documentation includes all relevant information in view of the data quality and scope of the application of the respective LCI result / data set. The dataset represents the state-of-the-art in view of the referenced functional unit.
Prof. Dr. Walter KlöpfferCharlotte PetiotTwo independent external reviewers, focusing on the LCA methodology conformity and the technology representativeness respectively, supported the project from the beginning till completion. This approach ensures traceability and quality of the results.
Both reviewers check all reports and relevant decisions which the group might take to as-sure consistency and conformity to standards. They also participate on project meetings to follow the projects progress.
The critical review is performed according to the ISO 14040 (chapter 7.3.2) [ISO 14040: 2006 ] and ISO 14044 (chapter 6.1) [ISO 14044: 2006 ] standards.
In addition the oil palm and coconut based renewable precursors are reviewed by a third independent external expert, who is familiar which such products in particular and an ex-pert in the field of evaluating land use and land use change emissions.
As no comparative assertions to be disclosed to the public are intended to be made within this study, no review panel of interested parties is required.The LCI method applied is in compliance with ISO 14040 and 14044. The documentation includes all relevant information in view of the data quality and scope of the application of the respective LCI result / data set. The dataset represents the state-of-the-art in view of the referenced functional unit.
thinkstepLBP-GaBiOverall quality according to different validation schemes:
GaBi = 1,5 interpreted into "very good overall quality" in the GaBi quality validation scheme [ISO 14040/44]
PEF = 1,6 interpreted into "very good overall quality" in the PEF quality validation scheme
GaBi conformity systemFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantNot definedUNEP SETAC Life Cycle InitiativeNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedILCD Data Network - Entry-levelNot definedNot definedFully compliantNot definedNot definedNot definedERASMERASM Surfactant Life Cycle and Ecofootprinting (SLE) Project: Updating the life cycle inventory data of commercial surfactant productionThe main goals of the study are to jointly update the existing LCI inventories [Franklin Ass 1995] for the production of major surfactant groups and possibly their main precur-sors/intermediates, as well as to generate new inventories for a selection of market-relevant surfactants not presently covered. A total of 32 LCI datasets are generated.thinkstep2016-01-01T00:00:00+01:00ILCD format 1.1thinkstepNo official approval by producer or operator2016-01-01T00:00:00+01:0010.00.000Data set finalised; entirely publishedERASMtrueOtherGaBi (source code, database including extension modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of thinkstep. thinkstep delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonic Acid (HLAS)Output100010000.000Mixed primary / secondaryMeasured